The Philadelphia Experiment, as described by authors William Moore and Charles Berlitz in their 1979 book “The Philadelphia Experiment: Project Invisibility”, was originally conducted as a World War II experiment by the United States Navy to make the USS Eldridge, a naval destroyer escort, invisible to radar. The story of the Philadelphia Experiment originated in a series of letters to author Morris K. Jessup by a sailor calling himself “Carlos Allende”, and described witnessing the Eldridge disappear from his location on the SS Andrew Furuseth, a nearby merchant ship.

“The Philadelphia Experiment was allegedly conducted by the Navy during WWII for the purpose of learning how to absorb radar so as not to allow reflections from enemy radar pulses impinging on a ship target to be returned. The reported effects of this experiment were so dramatic and startling that it is supposed that this is why the Navy consistently denies that any such experiments ever took place. Supposedly, not only were radar waves absorbed, but the ship became invisible at ordinary light wavelengths as well.

As a PhD Electrical Engineer, Dr. James F. Corum looked at the Philadelphia experiment through the critical eyes of a scientist. In the late 1970′s, he recruited a team of scientists, for fun, to see if there was any scientific basis for the description of events that occurred as described in “The Philadelphia Experiment,” by Berlitz and Moore. He later presented this findings in 1994 at the Tesla Symposium at Colorado Springs in a paper entitled ‘Tesla’s Egg of Columbus, Radar Stealth, The Torsion Tensor, and the Philadelphia Experiment.’ Corum was, in a laboratory, able to replicate radar invisibility.

John Hutchison & I think that the physics of the Philadelphia Experiment be traced back Tesla’s investigation of the rotating magnetic field. We’ll be conducting an experiment in which a small ship modeled after USS Eldridge will include small degaussing coils and ferromagnetic substances in the hull which we hope will validate Corum’s findings and exhibit radar absorption as attempted in the original Philadelphia Experiment.” – Dr. Ron Milione

Einstein’s Unified Field Theory was directly cited by Carlos Allende in William Moore’s book, “The Philadelphia Experiment”, and John Dering offers speculative insights into the non-linear, scale-dependent nature of Unified Field Theory effects that may offer credibility to Allende’s story. He additionally describes the application of similar non-linear electromagnetic effects in the Nazi Bell project and the lesser-known Rhine Valley experiments of World War II, which he indicates were documented by the Allies as an “electronic warfare” system that caused interference with Allied Aircraft.

Dering also describes experiments conducted in the Rhine Valley which may have been related to the Nazi Bell project as described by Igor Witkowski in “Truth about the Wunderwaffe” or could have been a completely separate thread of research. According to Dering, a Nazi facility in the Rhine Valley that was a source of electromagnetic interference with Allied aircraft was discovered during a mission to gather intelligence on the German atomic bomb program. The device used a rotating electromagnetic wave interacting with stationary mercury and produced strong electronic warfare effects in terms of knocking out ignition systems and along with a collection of other anomalous effects in the vicinity of the device. He likens this to the Philadelphia Experment in it also demonstrated a threshold behavior that strongly indicates scale plays a role in these effects.

“The goal of the Philadelphia Experiment seems to have been to develop a type of stealth or cloaking technology to change the radar reflectivity of the hull of the ship by imposing a magnetic field. The field likely would have been generated by the ship’s degaussing coils, but they would have been placed around the ship in a more complicated pattern than normally used for degaussing the hull. Destroyer Escorts like the Eldridge were electric-drive ships and were one of the few types of vessels with large enough generators to power the coils. You’re talking about fields that would have been on the order of 10 to 100 times larger than would have been used for degaussing, and there could have been pulsing or resonant field techniques that could have been applied to make the field even several times larger than that.

This was a wartime situation and people were interested in trying to protect ships, not science-fiction. However, what appears to have happened is that the fields were powerful enough that the ship probably may have crossed a non-linear threshold above which Unified Field Theory Effects would have become prevalent. In terms of scale, you must have a certain minimum amount of power and a certain minimum size to the system before these effects shows up, but in the case of the Philadelphia Experiment they may have accidentally designed an experiment that crossed over that threshold.” – John Dering

Baker coauthored this paper with Dr. Fangyu Li and Dr. Zhenyun Fang of the Chengdu Microwave Laboratory. Both researchers are involved with China’s High Frequency Gravitational Wave research program, which was originally initiated by Professor Fangyu Li as part of the “Gravitational Research Group” at Chongqing University in the early 1990′s. The proposed detector is based upon a physical principle called the “inverse Gertsenshtein effect” that Li suggests would be suitable for detecting HFGWs.

The Gertsenshtein effect, first described in 1962, involves the generation of gravitational waves by the passage of electromagnetic waves through a static magnetic field. In Li’s design, gravitational waves in a strong static magnetic field interact with a beam of electromagnetic waves, having the same frequency as the HFGWs, to generate photons that result from the passage of the HFGWs.

By coupling an open cavity with a high-quality factor and the Gaussian-beam-type microwave beam in the presence of a strong static magnetic field is expected to be a suitable scheme for detection of the both relic HFGWs (from the Big Bang) and the laboratory-generated HFGWs in the GHz band. Dr. Li believes that experimental tests can be accomplished in the detection of both relic HFGWs and those generated in the laboratory based on this detector design.

Baker discusses the scientific applications of this detector design as well as its role in a communications infrastucture that Baker has proposed based on HFGW technologies. He suggests that it may faciliate significant new technological applications for the wireless communications sector, and discusses the potential issues with system noise and thresholds of detectability for artificially generated HFGWs.

Podkletnov first published on the topic of gravity shielding effects in superconductors back in 1992, and achieved notoriety in the media when he submitted an article on the effect to the “Journal of Physics D”. The story was leaked to the press and initially published in the British “Sunday Telegraph” newspaper, and was subsequently was picked up by other publications around the world. Podkletnov has indicated that despite the publicity this provided for his research, it also led to negative feedback from peers in the scientific community, and ultimately pushed him towards private financing for his research.

Podkletnov described the discovery of this gravity shielding effect as a smoke from a colleague’s pipe rose in a column above the rotating superconducting disk, which prompted him to perform measurements that eventually led to him believe that a gravity shielding effect was occurring. Seeking to demonstrate a more pronounced gravity shielding effect, over time he constructed larger superconducting disks, and has additionally proposed stacking arrays of rotating disks as a means for multiplying the gravity shielding effect based on existing experimental designs.

Over the last few years, Podkletnov has continued his research, and published a joint paper with Dr. Giovanni Modanese describing a “Gravity Impulse Generator” capable of producing a non-diverging beam of what appeared to be gravitational force emanating from a superconductor. The impulse generator departed from Podkletnov’s earlier experiments in that it used a mounted, stationary superconducting emitter bombarded by a high-voltage discharge in a high-intensity magnetic field, rather than simply rotating a superconducting disk as in his previous gravity shielding experiments.

Podkletnov’s research has been closely followed by NASA, and a replication of the initial superconductive gravity shielding test was attempted in 2001 by NASA’s Ron Koczor and Tony Robertson of NASA Glenn research center, who performed tests on a superconductive disk designed by Podkletnov and built by SCI Engineered Materials. However, the replication achieved only 200 rpm of the required 5,000 rpm and failed achieve a measurable result.

Tajmar has developed this model of gravitomagnetism to describe the experimental results generated by his research team at ARC Seibersdorf in Austria, and cites research by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory and other scientific organizations that support this theoretical model. He believes to have documented an effect similar to Lense-Thirring frame-dragging, but which appears to be 20 orders of magnitude larger than Einstein’s Theory of Relativity would predict.

The goal of Tajmar’s presentation is to describe both the fundamental properties of gravitomagnetism as well as propose an explanation for why the effect would appear to be so dramatically amplified in a rotating superconductor that is within a magnetic field. He indicates that while the exact reason for such a large frame-dragging effect is unknown, he indicates that it is related to Cooper pair density as it changes with the temperature of the superconductor.

“The problem is that gravitomagnetic fields are extremely small. It is possible to produce artificial gravitational fields within the standard equations of relativity, but to achieve something like a 1-G field you’ll need a mass the size of a neutron star to do it. However, these frame-dragging effects also appear to be found in superconductors, and they’re much larger effects.

So what makes a superconductor so special? Well, the basic difference between a normal metal and a coherent metal is that in the superconducting state, the cooper pairs can be described by a single wave function. So you can basically say that a superconductor in a sense is a giant atom, and it’s behavior is governed by the equation I’m describing today, which provides a description for gravitomagnetic frame-dragging.” – Dr. Martin Tajmar

The gravity impulse generator utilizes a high-voltage electrical discharge from a Marx-Generator which is applied to a stationary superconducting emitter in a high intensity magnetic field. Podkletnov reports that the gravity impulse generator produces a non-diverging beam of force with properties similar to gravity waves.

According to Podkletnov, the gravity impulse generator can produce a beam that applies hundreds of kilograms of force to any target, but produces no recoil on the superconductor. Podkletnov states that the amount of force produced is a result of the structure of the superconducting emitter and the voltage applied to it, and suggests the best experimental results were obtained by applying short-duration electrical pulses in excess of 5 million volts, with a spark duration of less than a millisecond.

“The force created by the gravity impulse generator depends entirely on the structure of the superconducting emitter and the voltage that we apply to it. Given the materials and voltages we currently have available, we can obtain large impulses capable of deforming metal plates with a thickness of a couple of inches, and we’ve also been able to demonstrate punching holes in thick concrete walls. These impulses can be directionally projected in any direction in space, and they exert a force on any object in the path of propagation.

The impulse deforms metal in the way that a hydraulic press might do it, but the pulse-duration is very short in time, so we’ve been discussing a system utilizing several Marx-Generators to give a series of impulses that will definitely improve the overall effect. We’ve experimented with using the impulse-generator to treat a variety of materials, and we’ve also made another important find: the beam can hit a target over very large distances with a minimum of divergence and what appears to be zero loss in energy, even after passing through other objects in the beam-path.” – Dr. Eugene Podkletnov

Bussard was best known as the namesake for the legendary “Bussard Ramjet”. He conceptualized the device in 1960 during his tenure in the Nuclear Propulsion Division of Los Alamos National Labs, where he designed the Nerva motor – a nuclear powered rocket proposed for heavy-lift orbital applications. He later rose to the position of Assistant Director of the Atomic Energy Commission under Robert Hirsch in the early 1970′s, where they founded the fusion power research program for the United States.

Bussard describes his disenchantment with big-science Tokamak research that led him to return to the roots of fusion power with the “Polywell” project that he initiated in 1986. Funded for over 20 years by the Department of the Navy, Bussard’s EMC2 corporation was tasked with solving 19 fundamental challenges that stood in the way of designing commercially viable Farnsworth fusors.

The Polywell design is a modified Farnsworth-Hirsch style fusor which traps electrons in a magnetic confinement inside its hollow center. The negatively charged electrons then accelerate positively charged ions for the purpose of achieving inertial electrostatic confinement fusion. Bussard theorized that by utilizing magnetic fields he could avoid losses from electrons striking the grid, and he reported achieving fusion rate of 10^9 fusion reactions per second as a result of the magnetic shielding, which is about 100,000 times greater fusion power than Farnsworth achieved.

Polywell was designed for high-efficiency fusion power and also for portability, which was required to satisfy the Navy’s needs for ocean vessels and submarines. These characteristics also make it suitable for high-output fusion power for space applications. While Bussard’s first intended application was an 8-foot diameter naval reactor capable of generating 100-megawatts of output energy, the ultimate goal for Polywell was to facilitate the development of a high-velocity transorbital spacecraft capable of reaching the moon in less than 8 hours time.

While the compact size and high efficiency of this fusion reactor is suitable for space applications, Williams suggests that the inherent safety of this reactor makes it suitable even for residential use. Additionally, once fueled with 1/4 cubic meter of metal hydride fuel, the fusion reactor is efficient enough to theoretically run for millions of years before exhausting its fuel supply.

Williams proposes using metal hydride fuels because of their storage capacity for hydrogen in the hydride metal lattice, which allows more density than liquid hydrogen and doesn’t require cryogenic storage. He estimates that a prototype fusion reactor of this design may cost less than $500,000 to produce, although the investment has greater risk because Williams has departed from the standard model of physics for this design.

Williams derived Weyl’s Quantum Principle (WQP) from Weyl’s 1929 Gauge Principle, which predicts the preferential fusion of deuterium nuclei into helium nuclei at temperatures and energies lower than specified by the standard model. Additionally, there is no harmful radiation as a byproduct of this fusion process, which means that the fusion reactor does not need any shielding, which makes the reactor very compact when compared to other fission and fusion reactor designs. Moreover, the potential energy output per reactor weight and the absence of harmful radiation makes this fusion reactor an ideal candidate for space power.

“I did a presentation at Los Alamos National Labs in the early 80′s, and the Associate Director Paul Robinson asked me whether the quantization Weyl’s scale factor would be an explanation for the quantization of electric charge. The answer is yes, and the research I did to determine that led me to an entirely new model of nuclear physics. My objective in here is to provide a practical application for this model and present a derivation of a non-singular electrostatic potential that predicts lower temperature preferential fusion of two deuterium nuclei into a helium nucleus without generating hazardous radiation.” – Prof. Pharis E. Williams

Baker and Fontana have studied the possibility that an intense beam of HFGWs might be used to replicate the gravitationally-induced fusion that drives the sun to produce controlled, industrial scale, nuclear fusion here on Earth. They propose that an intense burst of High Frequency Gravitational Waves (HFGWs) could be focused or beamed to a target mass composed of appropriate fuel or target material to efficiently rearrange the atomic or nuclear structure of the target material with consequent nuclear fusion. Provided that efficient generation of HFGW can be technically achieved, the proposed fusion reactor could become a viable solution for the energy needs of mankind and alternatively a process for beaming energy to produce a source of fusion energy remotely — even inside solid materials.

The objective of the HFGW fusion technology proposed by Baker and Fontana is to reduce the distance between the nucleus and the associated electron of a suitable hydrogen isotope such as deuterium by a factor of 200. If this distance reduction is effective for few picoseconds, then the two nuclei of a deuterium molecule can fuse and give a He atom plus energy, which is the usual nuclear fusion process in a star. This process is anticipated to have a high likelihood for experimental success as it mimics muonic hydrogen fusion observed in nature. In addition the electrostatic shielding properties of electrons makes the compression possible with low energy input and low ignition temperature, the reactor will be capable of operating in pulsed condition, which is also a prerequisite for the HFGW generator.

HFGW-induced nuclear fusion has several benefits over other proposed fusion technologies. It doesn’t require accelerating the reactant to high speed, employing electromagnetic radiation pressure to squeeze the reactant, or replacing the electron with a muon in the reaction process. In contrast to the more complicated fusion processes proposed for commercial development, the HFGW mechanism would simply push the normally present electron closer to the atomic nucleus so that fusion will be spontaneous.

Obousy presents an interesting quantification of how a warp drive might be created in the context of supersymmetry rather than in general relativity. In supersymmetry there is a 3+1 dimensional brane representing spacetime and the QED world, and in this model one of the dimensions is compacted and represents gravity or the graviton. If a method can be found to change the radius of the extra dimension locally around the ship then the cosmological constant will also be locally affected, resulting in a warp drive.

“My interest has always been in space. I’m very aware that current technology severely limits our ability for exploration beyond the solar system, and I’ve always tailored my thinking in theoretical physics to how to potentially apply this to new and advanced propulsion paradigms. The space shuttle has a maximum speed of 10km per second, which puts the closest star approximately 50,000 years to reach. So without some kind of warp drive we’re severely limited in our exploration of the galaxy.

In the spirit of Morris, Thorne and Yurtsever these warp drives provides a unique and inspiring opportunity to ask the question ‘what constraints do the laws of physics place on the abilities of an arbitrarily advanced civilization’. In this paper a new and innovative mechanism to generate the necessary ‘Alcubierre warp drive bubble’ is proposed. The main focus of is to demonstrate that the manipulation of the radius of one (or more) of the extra dimensions found in quantum gravity theories creates a local asymmetry in the cosmological constant which could be used to propel a space vehicle.

At such an early stage in the theoretical development of this idea it is challenging to make predictions on how these warp drives might function. Naively one could envision a spacecraft with an exotic power generator that could create the necessary energies to locally manipulate the extra dimension(s). In this way, an advanced spacecraft would expand/contract the compactified spacetime around it, thereby creating the propulsion effect.” – Dr. Richard Obousy